Pseudanthias pleurotaenia (Bleeker, 1857)
Robert K. Whitton Wednesday, November 30, 2022 Shark Reef [Fiji]
Robert K. Whitton Wednesday, November 30, 2022 Shark Reef [Fiji]
John L. Earle Thursday, February 7, 2008 Shark Reef [Fiji]
Bleeker 1857 described pleurotaenia on page 34 in the 1857 journal article, "Achtste bijdrage tot de kennis der vischfauna van Amboina", originally placing the species in the genus Anthias Bloch, 1792.
Other Authors using this species concept:
- Page 34 In Bleeker, Pieter. 1857 Journal Article Achtste bijdrage tot de kennis der vischfauna van Amboina 1-102 as Anthias pleurotaenia
- In Eschmeyer, William N. 2004 Electronic Source The Catalog of Fishes Online as Pseudanthias pleurotaenia
- Page 108,34C,D; 132C,297 In Myers, Robert F. 1999 Book Micronesian reef fishes: a comprehensive guide to the coral reef fishes of Micronesia i-vi, 1-330, pls. 1-192 as Pseudanthias pleurotaenia
- Page 296 In Randall, John E. & Helen A. Randall. 1987 Journal Article Annotated checklist of the fishes of Enewetak Atoll and other Marshall Islands. Chapter 27 289-324, 3 pls. as Anthias pleurotaenia
- Page 1 In Allen, Gerald R. 2005 Report Reef Fishes of Pohnpei, Federated States of Micronesia. Final Report prepared for the Pohnpei Rapid Ecological Assessment. Conservation Society of Pohnpei. Pohnpei, Federated States of Micronesia. 19 as Pseudanthias pleurotaenia
Taxonomy
|
Locations |
Evidence50 VideoRecordings19 StillImages 14 Observations 5 References 22 Specimens 3-109m |
Associated Organisms |
| Taxa | Identified As | Location | Evidence Type | Event Date | Observers/Collectors | Determiners | Min Depth | Max Depth |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pseudanthias pleurotaenia (Bleeker, 1857) | Pseudanthias pleurotaenia (Bleeker, 1857) | Tubbataha Reef | Video Recording | 04/06/2004 | Robert K. Whitton | Robert K. Whitton | m | m |
| Pseudanthias pleurotaenia (Bleeker, 1857) | Pseudanthias pleurotaenia (Bleeker, 1857) | Tubbataha Reef | Video Recording | 04/07/2004 | Robert K. Whitton | Robert K. Whitton | m | m |
| Pseudanthias pleurotaenia (Bleeker, 1857) | Pseudanthias pleurotaenia (Bleeker, 1857) | Tubbataha Reef | Video Recording | 04/07/2004 | Robert K. Whitton | Robert K. Whitton | m | m |
| Pseudanthias pleurotaenia (Bleeker, 1857) | Pseudanthias pleurotaenia (Bleeker, 1857) | Tubbataha Reef | Video Recording | 04/07/2004 | Robert K. Whitton | Robert K. Whitton | m | m |
| Pseudanthias pleurotaenia (Bleeker, 1857) | Pseudanthias pleurotaenia (Bleeker, 1857) | Malayan Wreck | Video Recording | 06/04/2004 | Robert K. Whitton | Robert K. Whitton | m | m |
| Pseudanthias pleurotaenia (Bleeker, 1857) | Pseudanthias pleurotaenia (Bleeker, 1857) | Malayan Wreck | Video Recording | 06/04/2004 | Robert K. Whitton | Robert K. Whitton | m | m |
| Pseudanthias pleurotaenia (Bleeker, 1857) | Pseudanthias pleurotaenia (Bleeker, 1857) | Tubbataha Reef | Video Recording | 05/30/2004 | Robert K. Whitton | Robert K. Whitton | m | m |
| Pseudanthias pleurotaenia (Bleeker, 1857) | Pseudanthias pleurotaenia (Bleeker, 1857) | Tubbataha Reef | Video Recording | 05/30/2004 | Robert K. Whitton | Robert K. Whitton | m | m |
| Pseudanthias pleurotaenia (Bleeker, 1857) | Pseudanthias pleurotaenia (Bleeker, 1857) | Tubbataha Reef | Video Recording | 05/30/2004 | Robert K. Whitton | Robert K. Whitton | m | m |
| Pseudanthias pleurotaenia (Bleeker, 1857) | Pseudanthias pleurotaenia (Bleeker, 1857) | Tubbataha Reef | Video Recording | 05/30/2004 | Robert K. Whitton | Robert K. Whitton | m | m |
| Pseudanthias pleurotaenia (Bleeker, 1857) | Pseudanthias pleurotaenia (Bleeker, 1857) | Tubbataha Reef | Video Recording | 05/30/2004 | Robert K. Whitton | Robert K. Whitton | m | m |
| Pseudanthias pleurotaenia (Bleeker, 1857) | Pseudanthias pleurotaenia (Bleeker, 1857) | Tubbataha Reef | Video Recording | 06/03/2004 | Robert K. Whitton | Robert K. Whitton | 12m | 12m |
| Pseudanthias pleurotaenia (Bleeker, 1857) | Pseudanthias pleurotaenia (Bleeker, 1857) | Tubbataha Reef | Video Recording | 06/03/2004 | Robert K. Whitton | Robert K. Whitton | 0m | 0m |
| Pseudanthias pleurotaenia (Bleeker, 1857) | Pseudanthias pleurotaenia (Bleeker, 1857) | Tubbataha Reef | Video Recording | 06/03/2004 | Robert K. Whitton | Robert K. Whitton | 0m | 0m |
| Pseudanthias pleurotaenia (Bleeker, 1857) | Pseudanthias pleurotaenia (Bleeker, 1857) | Shark Reef | Video Recording | 02/03/2008 | Robert K. Whitton | Robert K. Whitton | 24m | 24m |
| Pseudanthias pleurotaenia (Bleeker, 1857) | Pseudanthias pleurotaenia (Bleeker, 1857) | Shark Reef | Video Recording | 02/07/2008 | John L. Earle | John L. Earle | 27m | 27m |
| Pseudanthias pleurotaenia (Bleeker, 1857) | Pseudanthias pleurotaenia (Bleeker, 1857) | Shark Reef | Video Recording | 02/23/2010 | John L. Earle | John L. Earle | 17m | 17m |
| Pseudanthias pleurotaenia (Bleeker, 1857) | Pseudanthias pleurotaenia (Bleeker, 1857) | Polowat Atoll ( Puluwat ) | Video Recording | 04/12/2007 | John L. Earle | John L. Earle | 27m | 27m |
| Pseudanthias pleurotaenia (Bleeker, 1857) | Pseudanthias pleurotaenia (Bleeker, 1857) | Polowat Atoll ( Puluwat ) | Video Recording | 04/10/2007 | John L. Earle | John L. Earle | 34m | 34m |
| Pseudanthias pleurotaenia (Bleeker, 1857) | Pseudanthias pleurotaenia (Bleeker, 1857) | Espiritu Santo (Santo) Island | Video Recording | 10/08/2006 | John L. Earle | John L. Earle | 61m | 61m |
| Pseudanthias pleurotaenia (Bleeker, 1857) | Pseudanthias pleurotaenia (Bleeker, 1857) | Espiritu Santo (Santo) Island | Video Recording | 10/06/2006 | John L. Earle | John L. Earle | 37m | 37m |
| Pseudanthias pleurotaenia (Bleeker, 1857) | Pseudanthias pleurotaenia (Bleeker, 1857) | Rinca | Video Recording | 04/15/2006 | John L. Earle | John L. Earle | 11m | 11m |
| Pseudanthias pleurotaenia (Bleeker, 1857) | Pseudanthias pleurotaenia (Bleeker, 1857) | Tulamben | Video Recording | 04/09/2006 | John L. Earle | John L. Earle | 27m | 27m |
| Pseudanthias pleurotaenia (Bleeker, 1857) | Pseudanthias pleurotaenia (Bleeker, 1857) | Parang Island | Video Recording | 10/11/2005 | John L. Earle | John L. Earle | 27m | 27m |
| Pseudanthias pleurotaenia (Bleeker, 1857) | Pseudanthias pleurotaenia (Bleeker, 1857) | Shark Reef | Observation | 03/15/2010 | Robert K. Whitton | John L. Earle | 6m | 12m |
| Pseudanthias pleurotaenia (Bleeker, 1857) | Pseudanthias pleurotaenia (Bleeker, 1857) | South Head Reef | Video Recording | 11/07/2011 | Robert K. Whitton | Robert K. Whitton | 100m | 100m |
| Pseudanthias pleurotaenia (Bleeker, 1857) | Pseudanthias pleurotaenia (Bleeker, 1857) | Twin Rocks | Video Recording | 12/19/2013 | Robert K. Whitton | Richard L. Pyle | 15m | 15m |
| Pseudanthias pleurotaenia (Bleeker, 1857) | Pseudanthias pleurotaenia (Bleeker, 1857) | Devil's Point | Observation | 12/04/2013 | David F. Pence | David F. Pence | 46m | 71m |
| Pseudanthias pleurotaenia (Bleeker, 1857) | Pseudanthias pleurotaenia (Bleeker, 1857) | Mabini | Still Image | 12/17/2013 | Richard Coleman | David F. Pence | m | m |
| Pseudanthias pleurotaenia (Bleeker, 1857) | Pseudanthias pleurotaenia (Bleeker, 1857) | Komba | Video Recording | 05/01/2012 | John L. Earle | John L. Earle | 18m | 18m |
| Pseudanthias pleurotaenia (Bleeker, 1857) | Pseudanthias pleurotaenia (Bleeker, 1857) | Komba | Video Recording | 05/01/2012 | John L. Earle | John L. Earle | 18m | 18m |
| Pseudanthias pleurotaenia (Bleeker, 1857) | Pseudanthias pleurotaenia (Bleeker, 1857) | Palau Islands | Reference | 01/01/1999 | Myers 1999 Page(s) 297 | Micronesian reef fishes: a comprehensive guide to the coral reef fishes of Micronesia Coral Graphics,Barrigada, Guam. Third edition, revised and expanded Edition: i-vi, 1-330, pls. 1-192. | m | m |
| Pseudanthias pleurotaenia (Bleeker, 1857) | Pseudanthias pleurotaenia (Bleeker, 1857) | Southern Mariana Islands | Reference | 12/31/1999 | Myers 1999 Page(s) 297 | Micronesian reef fishes: a comprehensive guide to the coral reef fishes of Micronesia Coral Graphics,Barrigada, Guam. Third edition, revised and expanded Edition: i-vi, 1-330, pls. 1-192. | m | m |
| Pseudanthias pleurotaenia (Bleeker, 1857) | Pseudanthias pleurotaenia (Bleeker, 1857) | Northern Mariana Islands | Reference | 12/31/1999 | Myers 1999 Page(s) 297 | Micronesian reef fishes: a comprehensive guide to the coral reef fishes of Micronesia Coral Graphics,Barrigada, Guam. Third edition, revised and expanded Edition: i-vi, 1-330, pls. 1-192. | m | m |
| Pseudanthias pleurotaenia (Bleeker, 1857) | Pseudanthias pleurotaenia (Bleeker, 1857) | Marshall Islands | Reference | 01/01/1999 | Myers 1999 Page(s) 297 | Micronesian reef fishes: a comprehensive guide to the coral reef fishes of Micronesia Coral Graphics,Barrigada, Guam. Third edition, revised and expanded Edition: i-vi, 1-330, pls. 1-192. | m | m |
| Pseudanthias pleurotaenia (Bleeker, 1857) | Pseudanthias pleurotaenia (Bleeker, 1857) | West-southwest of Palakir Pass | Observation | 07/01/2014 | Brian Greene | Brian Greene | 80m | 90m |
| Pseudanthias pleurotaenia (Bleeker, 1857) | Pseudanthias pleurotaenia (Bleeker, 1857) | South of Pelang Pass | Observation | 07/04/2014 | David F. Pence | Robert K. Whitton | 70m | 100m |
| Pseudanthias pleurotaenia (Bleeker, 1857) | Pseudanthias pleurotaenia (Bleeker, 1857) | Bungalow #2 | Still Image | 07/04/2014 | Josh Copus | Robert K. Whitton | m | m |
| Pseudanthias pleurotaenia (Bleeker, 1857) | Pseudanthias pleurotaenia (Bleeker, 1857) | Southwest corner of barrier reef | Observation | 07/06/2014 | Robert K. Whitton | Richard L. Pyle | 90m | 90m |
| Pseudanthias pleurotaenia (Bleeker, 1857) | Pseudanthias pleurotaenia (Bleeker, 1857) | Nihco Marine Park | Still Image | 07/06/2014 | Richard L. Pyle | Richard L. Pyle | m | m |
| Pseudanthias pleurotaenia (Bleeker, 1857) | Pseudanthias pleurotaenia (Bleeker, 1857) | Southwest corner of barrier reef | Observation | 07/06/2014 | Robert K. Whitton | Richard L. Pyle | 90m | 90m |
| Pseudanthias pleurotaenia (Bleeker, 1857) | Pseudanthias pleurotaenia (Bleeker, 1857) | Nihco Marine Park | Still Image | 07/06/2014 | Richard L. Pyle | Richard L. Pyle | m | m |
| Pseudanthias pleurotaenia (Bleeker, 1857) | Pseudanthias pleurotaenia (Bleeker, 1857) | Southwest corner of barrier reef | Video Recording | 07/06/2014 | John L. Earle | John L. Earle | 100m | 100m |
| Pseudanthias pleurotaenia (Bleeker, 1857) | Pseudanthias pleurotaenia (Bleeker, 1857) | Pohnpei Island | Observation | 07/11/2014 | Robert K. Whitton | John L. Earle | 45m | 45m |
| Pseudanthias pleurotaenia (Bleeker, 1857) | Pseudanthias pleurotaenia (Bleeker, 1857) | Pohnpei Island | Observation | 07/11/2014 | Josh Copus | Richard L. Pyle | 45m | 60m |
| Pseudanthias pleurotaenia (Bleeker, 1857) | Pseudanthias pleurotaenia (Bleeker, 1857) | Bungalow #2 | Still Image | 07/11/2014 | Josh Copus | Richard L. Pyle | m | m |
| Pseudanthias pleurotaenia (Bleeker, 1857) | Pseudanthias pleurotaenia (Bleeker, 1857) | Pohnpei Island | Observation | 07/11/2014 | John L. Earle | John L. Earle | 70m | 70m |
| Pseudanthias pleurotaenia (Bleeker, 1857) | Pseudanthias pleurotaenia (Bleeker, 1857) | Pohnpei Island | Observation | 07/11/2014 | Josh Copus | Richard L. Pyle | 45m | 100m |
| Pseudanthias pleurotaenia (Bleeker, 1857) | Pseudanthias pleurotaenia (Bleeker, 1857) | Bungalow #2 | Still Image | 07/12/2014 | Josh Copus | Richard L. Pyle | m | m |
| Pseudanthias pleurotaenia (Bleeker, 1857) | Pseudanthias pleurotaenia (Bleeker, 1857) | Deep Cave off W end | Observation | 07/15/2014 | Josh Copus | Robert K. Whitton | 61m | 85m |
| Pseudanthias pleurotaenia (Bleeker, 1857) | Pseudanthias pleurotaenia (Bleeker, 1857) | Bungalow #2 | Still Image | 07/15/2014 | Josh Copus | Robert K. Whitton | m | m |
| Pseudanthias pleurotaenia (Bleeker, 1857) | Pseudanthias pleurotaenia (Bleeker, 1857) | Senyavin (Ponape) Islands | Reference | 12/31/2005 | Allen 2005 Page(s) 1 | Reef Fishes of Pohnpei, Federated States of Micronesia. Final Report prepared for the Pohnpei Rapid Ecological Assessment. Conservation Society of Pohnpei. Pohnpei, Federated States of Micronesia. 19. | m | m |
| Pseudanthias pleurotaenia (Bleeker, 1857) | Pseudanthias pleurotaenia (Bleeker, 1857) | just south of Palakir Pass | Video Recording | 07/07/2014 | Robert K. Whitton | Robert K. Whitton | 99m | 99m |
| Pseudanthias pleurotaenia (Bleeker, 1857) | Pseudanthias pleurotaenia (Bleeker, 1857) | just south of Palakir Pass | Video Recording | 07/07/2014 | Robert K. Whitton | Robert K. Whitton | 79m | 79m |
| Pseudanthias pleurotaenia (Bleeker, 1857) | Pseudanthias pleurotaenia (Bleeker, 1857) | Tulamben | Video Recording | 08/23/2015 | John L. Earle | John L. Earle | 20m | 20m |
| Pseudanthias pleurotaenia (Bleeker, 1857) | Pseudanthias pleurotaenia (Bleeker, 1857) | Tulamben | Video Recording | 08/23/2015 | John L. Earle | John L. Earle | 20m | 20m |
| Pseudanthias pleurotaenia (Bleeker, 1857) | Pseudanthias pleurotaenia (Bleeker, 1857) | Yapen | Video Recording | 08/03/2016 | Robert K. Whitton | Robert K. Whitton | 15m | 15m |
| Pseudanthias pleurotaenia (Bleeker, 1857) | Pseudanthias pleurotaenia (Bleeker, 1857) | Tulamben | Video Recording | 07/19/2016 | Robert K. Whitton | Robert K. Whitton | 19m | 19m |
| Pseudanthias pleurotaenia (Bleeker, 1857) | Pseudanthias pleurotaenia (Bleeker, 1857) | Fagatele Bay | Video Recording | 02/17/2017 | Richard L. Pyle | Richard L. Pyle | 68m | 68m |
| Pseudanthias pleurotaenia (Bleeker, 1857) | Pseudanthias pleurotaenia (Bleeker, 1857) | Tutuila Island | Video Recording | 02/21/2017 | Richard L. Pyle | Richard L. Pyle | 100m | 100m |
| Pseudanthias pleurotaenia (Bleeker, 1857) | Pseudanthias pleurotaenia (Bleeker, 1857) | Tutuila Island | Video Recording | 02/21/2017 | Richard L. Pyle | Richard L. Pyle | 103m | 103m |
| Pseudanthias pleurotaenia (Bleeker, 1857) | Pseudanthias pleurotaenia (Bleeker, 1857) | Tutuila Island | Video Recording | 02/21/2017 | Richard L. Pyle | Richard L. Pyle | 75m | 75m |
| Pseudanthias pleurotaenia (Bleeker, 1857) | Pseudanthias pleurotaenia (Bleeker, 1857) | Tutuila Island | Video Recording | 02/23/2017 | Richard L. Pyle | Richard L. Pyle | 68m | 68m |
| Pseudanthias pleurotaenia (Bleeker, 1857) | Pseudanthias pleurotaenia (Bleeker, 1857) | Tutuila Island | Video Recording | 02/22/2017 | Richard L. Pyle | Richard L. Pyle | 109m | 109m |
| Pseudanthias pleurotaenia (Bleeker, 1857) | Pseudanthias pleurotaenia (Bleeker, 1857) | Fleming Point | Video Recording | 04/20/2017 | Robert K. Whitton | Robert K. Whitton | 40m | 40m |
| Pseudanthias pleurotaenia (Bleeker, 1857) | Pseudanthias pleurotaenia (Bleeker, 1857) | Fleming Point | Video Recording | 04/20/2017 | Robert K. Whitton | Robert K. Whitton | 30m | 30m |
| Pseudanthias pleurotaenia (Bleeker, 1857) | Pseudanthias pleurotaenia (Bleeker, 1857) | Fleming Point | Video Recording | 04/20/2017 | Brian Greene | Brian Greene | 30m | 30m |
| Pseudanthias pleurotaenia (Bleeker, 1857) | Pseudanthias pleurotaenia (Bleeker, 1857) | Fleming Point | Video Recording | 04/20/2017 | Brian Greene | Brian Greene | 40m | 40m |
| Pseudanthias pleurotaenia (Bleeker, 1857) | Pseudanthias pleurotaenia (Bleeker, 1857) | Okinawa | Observation | 11/16/2017 | James Reimer | Richard L. Pyle | 3m | 30m |
| Pseudanthias pleurotaenia (Bleeker, 1857) | Pseudanthias pleurotaenia (Bleeker, 1857) | Okinawa | Still Image | 11/16/2017 | Richard L. Pyle | Richard L. Pyle | m | m |
| Pseudanthias pleurotaenia (Bleeker, 1857) | Pseudanthias pleurotaenia (Bleeker, 1857) | Okinawa | Still Image | 11/16/2017 | Richard L. Pyle | Richard L. Pyle | m | m |
| Pseudanthias pleurotaenia (Bleeker, 1857) | Pseudanthias pleurotaenia (Bleeker, 1857) | Okinawa | Still Image | 11/16/2017 | Richard L. Pyle | Richard L. Pyle | m | m |
| Pseudanthias pleurotaenia (Bleeker, 1857) | Pseudanthias pleurotaenia (Bleeker, 1857) | Okinawa | Still Image | 11/16/2017 | Richard L. Pyle | Richard L. Pyle | m | m |
| Pseudanthias pleurotaenia (Bleeker, 1857) | Pseudanthias pleurotaenia (Bleeker, 1857) | Okinawa | Still Image | 11/16/2017 | Richard L. Pyle | Richard L. Pyle | m | m |
| Pseudanthias pleurotaenia (Bleeker, 1857) | Pseudanthias pleurotaenia (Bleeker, 1857) | Okinawa | Still Image | 11/16/2017 | Richard L. Pyle | Richard L. Pyle | m | m |
| Pseudanthias pleurotaenia (Bleeker, 1857) | Pseudanthias pleurotaenia (Bleeker, 1857) | Okinawa | Observation | 11/16/2017 | James Reimer | Richard L. Pyle | 3m | 30m |
| Pseudanthias pleurotaenia (Bleeker, 1857) | Pseudanthias pleurotaenia (Bleeker, 1857) | Layag-layag Point | Video Recording | 12/04/2013 | Robert K. Whitton | Robert K. Whitton | 56m | 56m |
| Pseudanthias pleurotaenia (Bleeker, 1857) | Pseudanthias pleurotaenia (Bleeker, 1857) | Layag-layag Point | Video Recording | 12/04/2013 | Robert K. Whitton | Robert K. Whitton | 42m | 42m |
| Pseudanthias pleurotaenia (Bleeker, 1857) | Pseudanthias pleurotaenia (Bleeker, 1857) | New Georgia Group | Video Recording | 11/08/2019 | Robert K. Whitton | Robert K. Whitton | 85m | 85m |
| Pseudanthias pleurotaenia (Bleeker, 1857) | Pseudanthias pleurotaenia (Bleeker, 1857) | Cenderawasih Bay | Video Recording | 08/02/2016 | Robert K. Whitton | Robert K. Whitton | 34m | 34m |
| Pseudanthias pleurotaenia (Bleeker, 1857) | Pseudanthias pleurotaenia (Bleeker, 1857) | New Georgia Group | Video Recording | 11/08/2019 | Robert K. Whitton | Brian Greene | 55m | 55m |
| Pseudanthias pleurotaenia (Bleeker, 1857) | Pseudanthias pleurotaenia (Bleeker, 1857) | Shark Reef | Observation | 05/05/2022 | Robert K. Whitton | Richard L. Pyle | 25m | 30m |
| Pseudanthias pleurotaenia (Bleeker, 1857) | Pseudanthias pleurotaenia (Bleeker, 1857) | Shark Reef | Still Image | 05/12/2022 | Robert K. Whitton | Robert K. Whitton | 34m | 34m |
| Pseudanthias pleurotaenia (Bleeker, 1857) | Pseudanthias pleurotaenia (Bleeker, 1857) | Shark Reef | Still Image | 05/12/2022 | Robert K. Whitton | Robert K. Whitton | 34m | 34m |
| Pseudanthias pleurotaenia (Bleeker, 1857) | Pseudanthias pleurotaenia (Bleeker, 1857) | Shark Reef | Still Image | 05/12/2022 | Robert K. Whitton | Robert K. Whitton | 34m | 34m |
| Pseudanthias pleurotaenia (Bleeker, 1857) | Pseudanthias pleurotaenia (Bleeker, 1857) | Shark Reef | Still Image | 05/12/2022 | Robert K. Whitton | Robert K. Whitton | 34m | 34m |
| Pseudanthias pleurotaenia (Bleeker, 1857) | Pseudanthias pleurotaenia (Bleeker, 1857) | Shark Reef | Still Image | 05/10/2022 | John L. Earle | John L. Earle | 30m | 30m |
| Pseudanthias pleurotaenia (Bleeker, 1857) | Pseudanthias pleurotaenia (Bleeker, 1857) | Shark Reef | Still Image | 06/12/2011 | Mike Neumann | Mike Neumann | m | m |
Names linked to the original usageAnthias pleurotaenia Bleeker, 1857 Species
Pseudanthias pleurotaenia (Bleeker, 1857) Species
